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Students will explain reflection at plane and spherical mirrors, apply the mirror formula, and relate refraction to everyday observations such as a coin appearing raised in water.

1. Recall daily-life mirrors (4 min) 2. Demonstrate reflection with a torch (8 min) 3. Derive mirror formula on the smart board (10 min) 4. Guided problem set (12 min) 5. Concept map + exit ticket (6 min).

Light travels in straight lines and changes direction predictably at boundaries. Reflection obeys equal angles about the normal; refraction bends light because speed changes between media, quantified by the refractive index.

Why do we see our reflection in a still stepwell but not in a windy one? Why does the Jal Mahal look closer than it is? How would a periscope help a soldier at Amber Fort?

Mirror work (thikri) on Sheesh Mahal walls, mirages on the Jaisalmer highway in summer, and water tank depth illusions in village fields.

Mirror formula 1/v + 1/u = 1/f · Magnification m = -v/u · Snell's law n1 sin i = n2 sin r · Power P = 1/f (in metres), unit dioptre.

NCERT Exercise Q1–Q9, plus draw ray diagrams for an object at C, between F and C, and between P and F.

Covered reflection laws, spherical mirror image formation, mirror formula application, and an introduction to refraction with real Rajasthan examples.